Microsoft released the first public beta build of Windows 8, Windows Developer Preview (build 8102) at the event. A Samsung tablet running the build was also distributed to conference attendees. The build was released for download later in the day in standard 32-bit and 64-bit versions, plus a special 64-bit version which.

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• • • Windows 8 is a developed by as part of the family of operating systems. Development of Windows 8 started before the release of its predecessor,, in 2009. It was announced at 2011, and followed by the release of three versions from September 2011 to May 2012. The operating system was on August 1, 2012, and was released for on October 26, 2012.

Windows 8 introduced major changes to the operating system's platform and to improve its user experience on, where Windows was now competing with, including and. In particular, these changes included a touch-optimized based on Microsoft's, the (which displays programs and dynamically updated content on a grid of tiles), a new platform for developing ' with an emphasis on input, integration with online services (including the ability to synchronize apps and settings between devices), and, an online store for downloading and purchasing new software.

Windows 8 added support for, hard drives,, and. Additional security features were introduced, such as built-in, integration with service and support for on supported devices with, to prevent from infecting the boot process. Windows 8 was released to a mixed critical reception. Although reaction towards its performance improvements, security enhancements, and improved support for touchscreen devices was positive, the new user interface of the operating system was widely criticized for being potentially confusing and difficult to learn, especially when used with a keyboard and mouse instead of a touchscreen. Despite these shortcomings, 60 million Windows 8 licenses were sold through January 2013, a number that included both upgrades and sales to for new PCs.

On October 17, 2013, Microsoft released. It addressed some aspects of Windows 8 that were criticized by reviewers and and incorporated additional improvements to various aspects of the operating system. Windows 8 was ultimately succeeded by in July 2015. Support for Windows 8 RTM ended on January 12, 2016; per Microsoft lifecycle policies regarding, Windows 8.1 must be installed to maintain support and receive further updates. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Development history [ ] Early development [ ] Windows 8 development started before had shipped in 2009.

At the in January 2011, it was announced that the next version of Windows would add support for alongside the existing processors produced by vendors, especially and. Windows division president demonstrated an early build of the port on prototype devices, while Microsoft CEO announced the company's goal for Windows to be 'everywhere on every kind of device without compromise.' Details also began to surface about a new application framework for Windows 8 codenamed 'Jupiter', which would be used to make 'immersive' applications using (similarly to and ) that could be distributed via a new packaging system and a rumored. Three of Windows 8 to the general public.

Milestone 1, Build 7850, was leaked on April 12, 2011. It was the first build where the text of a window was written centered instead of aligned to the left. It was also probably the first appearance of the Metro-style font, and its wallpaper had the text shhh. Let's not leak our hard work.

However, its detailed build number reveals that the build was created on September 22, 2010. The leaked copy was Enterprise edition. The OS still reads as 'Windows 7'. Milestone 2, Build 7955, was leaked on April 25, 2011.

The traditional (BSoD) was replaced by a new black screen, although this was later scrapped. This build introduced a new in Windows Explorer. Build 7959, with minor changes but the first 64-bit version, was leaked on May 1, 2011. The 'Windows 7' logo was temporarily replaced with text displaying 'Microsoft Confidential'.

On June 17, 2011, build 7989 64-bit edition was leaked. It introduced a new boot screen featuring the same fish as the default Windows 7 Beta wallpaper, which was later scrapped, and the circling dots as featured in the final (although the final version comes with smaller circling dots throbber). It also had the text Welcome below them, although this was also scrapped. On June 1, 2011, Microsoft unveiled Windows 8's new user interface, as well as additional features at both and the conference in California. The 'Building Windows 8' blog launched on August 15, 2011, featuring details surrounding Windows 8's features and its development process.

Previews [ ]. A screenshot of Windows 8 Developer Preview running on a multi-monitor system, showcasing some features Microsoft unveiled more Windows 8 features and improvements on the first day of the on September 13, 2011. Microsoft released the first public beta build of Windows 8, Windows Developer Preview (build 8102) at the event. A tablet running the build was also distributed to conference attendees. The build was released for download later in the day in standard 32-bit and 64-bit versions, plus a special 64-bit version which included SDKs and developer tools ( and ) for developing Metro-style apps. The Windows Store was announced during the presentation, but was not available in this build. According to Microsoft, there were about 535,000 downloads of the developer preview within the first 12 hours of its release.

Originally set to expire on March 11, 2012, in February 2012 the Developer Preview's expiry date was changed to January 15, 2013. The new File Explorer interface with 'Ribbon' in Windows 8 On February 19, 2012, Microsoft unveiled a new logo to be adopted for Windows 8.

Designed by partner, the Windows logo was changed to resemble a set of four window panes. Additionally, the entire logo is now rendered in a single solid color. On February 29, 2012, Microsoft released Windows 8 Consumer Preview, the beta version of Windows 8, build 8250. Alongside other changes, the build removed the from the taskbar for the first time since its debut on; according to Windows manager Chaitanya Sareen, the Start button was removed to reflect their view that on Windows 8, the desktop was an 'app' itself, and not the primary interface of the operating system.

Windows president Steven Sinofsky said more than 100,000 changes had been made since the developer version went public. The day after its release, Windows 8 Consumer Preview had been downloaded over one million times. Like the Developer Preview, the Consumer Preview expired on January 15, 2013. Many other builds were released until the Japan's Developers Day conference, when Steven Sinofsky announced that Windows 8 Release Preview (build 8400) would be released during the first week of June. On May 28, 2012, Windows 8 Release Preview (Standard Simplified Chinese x64 edition, not China-specific version, build 8400) was leaked online on various Chinese and BitTorrent websites. On May 31, 2012, Windows 8 Release Preview was released to the public by Microsoft.

Major items in the Release Preview included the addition of Sports, Travel, and News apps, along with an integrated version of in. Like the Developer Preview and the Consumer Preview, the release preview expired on January 15, 2013.

Windows 8 launch event at in New York City On August 1, 2012, Windows 8 (build 9200 ) was with the build number 6.2.9200.16384. Microsoft planned to hold a launch event on October 25, 2012 and release Windows 8 for on the next day. However, only a day after its release to manufacturing, a copy of the final version of Windows 8 Enterprise N (a version for European markets which lacks bundled media players to comply with an ) leaked online, followed by leaks of the final versions of Windows 8 Pro and Enterprise a few days later. On August 15, 2012, Windows 8 was made available to download for and subscribers. Windows 8 was made available to Software Assurance customers on August 16, 2012. Windows 8 was made available for students with a subscription on August 22, 2012, earlier than advertised.

Relatively few changes were made from the Release Preview to the final version; these included updated versions of its pre-loaded apps, the renaming of Windows Explorer to File Explorer, the replacement of the Aero Glass theme from Windows Vista and 7 with a new flat and solid-colored theme, and the addition of new background options for the Start screen, lock screen, and desktop. Prior to its general availability on October 26, 2012, updates were released for some of Windows 8's bundled apps, and a 'General Availability Cumulative Update' (which included fixes to improve performance, compatibility, and battery life) was, October 9, 2012. Microsoft indicated that due to improvements to its testing infrastructure, general improvements of this nature are to be released more frequently through Windows Update instead of being relegated to and only.

Microsoft began an advertising campaign centered around Windows 8 and its tablet in October 2012, starting with its first television advertisement premiering on October 14, 2012. Microsoft's advertising budget of US$1.5–1.8 billion was significantly larger than the US$200 million campaign used to promote. As part of its campaign, Microsoft set up 34 inside malls to showcase the Surface product line, provided training for retail employees in partnership with, and collaborated with the electronics store chain to design expanded spaces to showcase devices. In an effort to make retail displays of Windows 8 devices more 'personal', Microsoft also developed a character known in English-speaking markets as 'Allison Brown', whose fictional profile (including personal photos, contacts, and emails) is also featured on demonstration units of Windows 8 devices. Windows 8 Pro DVD case, containing a 32-bit and a 64-bit installation disc In May 2013, Microsoft launched a new television campaign for Windows 8 illustrating the capabilities and pricing of Windows 8 tablets in comparison to the, which featured the voice of remarking on the iPad's limitations in a parody of Apple's ' advertisements. On June 12, 2013 during game 1 of the, Microsoft premiered the first ad in its 'Windows Everywhere' campaign, which promoted Windows 8,, and the company's suite of online services as an interconnected platform. Cypress At2lp Rc42 Software Store. New and changed features [ ].

Main article: New features and functionality in Windows 8 include a faster startup through integration and the new 'Hybrid Boot' mode (which the Windows on shutdown to speed up the subsequent boot), a new lock screen with a clock and notifications, and the ability for enterprise users to create versions of Windows (known as ). Windows 8 also adds native support for devices, which allow for faster data transfers and improved power management with compatible devices, and 4KB support, as well as support for to facilitate sharing and communication between devices., which has been renamed File Explorer, now includes a in place of the command bar. File operation dialog boxes have been updated to provide more detailed statistics, the ability to pause file transfers, and improvements in the ability to manage conflicts when copying files. A new 'File History' function allows incremental revisions of files to be backed up to and restored from a secondary storage device, while allows users to combine different sized hard disks into virtual drives and specify mirroring, parity, or no redundancy on a folder-by-folder basis. For easier management of files and folders, Windows 8 introduces the ability to move selected files or folders via from a parent folder into a subfolder listed within the hierarchy of the in File Explorer. Has been redesigned, including a new processes tab with the option to display fewer or more details of running applications and background processes, a heat map using different colors indicating the level of resource usage, network and disk counters, grouping by process type (e.g.

Applications, background processes and Windows processes), friendly names for processes and a new option which allows users to search the web to find information about obscure processes. Additionally, the has been updated with a simpler and modern design with less technical information displayed.

Safety and security [ ] New security features in Windows 8 include two new authentication methods tailored towards touchscreens ( and picture passwords), the addition of capabilities to (bringing it in parity with ). Filtering integrated into Windows, offers, which allows parents to monitor and manage their children's activities on a device with activity reports and safety controls. Windows 8 also provides integrated through the new 'Refresh' and 'Reset' functions, including system recovery from USB drive. Windows 8's first security patches would be released on November 13, 2012; it would contain three fixes deemed 'critical' by the company. Windows 8 supports a feature of the specification known as 'Secure boot', which uses a to verify the integrity of the operating system and prevent unauthorized programs such as from infecting the device's boot process.

Some pre-built devices may be described as 'certified' by Microsoft; these must have secure boot enabled by default, and provide ways for users to disable or re-configure the feature. -based devices must have secure boot permanently enabled. Online services and functionality [ ] Windows 8 provides heavier integration with online services from Microsoft and others. A user can now log into Windows with a, which can be used to access services and applications and settings between devices. Windows 8 also ships with a client app for Microsoft's service, which also allows apps to save files directly to SkyDrive. A SkyDrive client for the desktop and is not included in Windows 8, and must be downloaded separately. Bundled multimedia apps are provided under the Xbox brand, including,, and the companion for use with an console.

Games can integrate into an hub app, which also allows users to view their profile and. Other bundled apps provide the ability to link and. Due to Facebook Connect service changes, Facebook support is disabled in all bundled apps effective June 8, 2015. Is included as both a desktop program and a touch-optimized app, and includes increased support for,, and. The Internet Explorer app does not support plugins or components, but includes a version of that is optimized for touch and low power usage. Initially, Adobe Flash would only work on sites included on a 'Compatibility View'; however, after feedback from users and additional compatibility tests, an update in March 2013 changed this behavior to use a smaller of sites with known compatibility issues instead, allowing Flash to be used on most sites by default. The desktop version does not contain these limitations.

Windows 8 also incorporates improved support for; the operating system can now detect the insertion of a and automatically configure connection settings (including and carrier branding), and reduce its Internet usage in order to conserve bandwidth on. Windows 8 also adds an integrated setting to globally disable all wireless connectivity as well. Carriers can also offer account management systems through Windows Store apps, which can be automatically installed as a part of the connection process and offer usage statistics on their respective tile. Windows Store apps [ ].

Snap feature:, along snapped into a sidebar to the right side of the screen. In Windows 8, desktop and everything on it are treated as one Metro-style app.

Windows 8 introduces a new style of application, apps. According to Microsoft developer Jensen Harris, these apps are to be optimized for environments and are more specialized than current. Apps can run either in a full-screen mode, or be snapped to the side of a screen. Apps can provide on screen or animate their tiles on the Start screen with dynamic content.

Apps can use 'contracts'; a collection of to provide common functionality that can integrate with other apps, including search and sharing. Apps can also provide integration with other services; for example, the People app can connect to a variety of different social networks and services (such as Facebook,, and ), while the Photos app can aggregate photos from services such as Facebook and Flickr. Windows Store apps run within a new set of known as, which supports such as,,,, along with and. If written in some 'high-level' languages, apps written for Windows Runtime can be compatible with both Intel and versions of Windows, otherwise they are not. Components may be compiled as Windows Runtime Components, permitting consumption by all compatible languages.

To ensure stability and security, apps run within a, and require permissions to access certain functionality, such as accessing the Internet or a camera. Retail versions of Windows 8 are only able to install these apps through — a namesake distribution platform that offers both apps, and listings for desktop programs certified for comparability with Windows 8. A method to apps from outside Windows Store is available to devices running Windows 8 Enterprise and joined to a; Windows 8 Pro and devices that are not part of a domain can also sideload apps, but only after special product keys are obtained through volume licensing. The term 'Immersive app' had been used internally by Microsoft developers to refer to the apps prior to the first official presentation of Windows 8, after which they were referred to as 'Metro-style apps' in reference to the. The term was phased out in August 2012; a Microsoft spokesperson denied rumors that the change was related to a potential trademark issue, and stated that 'Metro' was only a codename that would be replaced prior to Windows 8's release.

Following these reports, the terms 'Modern UI-style apps', 'Windows 8-style apps' and 'Windows Store apps' began to be used by various Microsoft documents and material to refer to the new apps. In an interview on September 12, 2012, Soma Somasegar (vice president of Microsoft's development software division) confirmed that 'Windows Store apps' would be the official term for the apps. An MSDN page explaining the Metro design language uses the term 'Modern design' to refer to the language as a whole. Web browsers [ ] Exceptions to the restrictions faced by Windows Store apps are given to. The user's default browser can distribute a Metro-style web browser in same package as the desktop version, which has access to functionality unavailable to other apps, such as being able to permanently run in the background, use multiple background processes, and use code instead of WinRT (allowing for code to be re-used with the desktop version, while still taking advantage of features available to Windows Store apps, such as charms). Microsoft advertises this exception privilege 'New experience enabled' (formerly 'Metro-style enabled').

The developers of both and committed to developing Metro-style versions of their browsers; while Chrome's 'Windows 8 mode' (discontinued on Chrome version 49) uses a full-screen version of the existing desktop interface, Firefox's version (which was first made available on the 'Aurora' release channel in September 2013) uses a touch-optimized interface inspired by the. In October 2013, Chrome's app was changed to mimic the desktop environment used.

Development of the Firefox app for Windows 8 has since been cancelled, citing a lack of user adoption for the beta versions. Interface and desktop [ ] Windows 8 introduces significant changes to the operating system's user interface, many of which are aimed at improving its experience on and other devices. The new user interface is based on Microsoft's, and uses a similar to that of as the primary means of launching applications. The Start screen displays a customizable array of tiles linking to various apps and desktop programs, some of which can display constantly updated information and content through 'live tiles'.

As a form of, apps can be snapped to the side of a screen. Alongside the traditional, a new simplified and touch-optimized settings app known as 'PC Settings' is used for basic configuration and user settings. It does not include many of the advanced options still accessible from the normal Control Panel. A vertical known as (accessed by swiping from the right edge of a touchscreen, or pointing the cursor at in the right corners of a screen) provides access to system and app-related functions, such as search, sharing, device management, settings, and a Start button.

The traditional for running desktop applications is accessed via a tile on the Start screen. The Start button on the taskbar from previous versions of Windows has been converted into a in the lower-left corner of the screen, which displays a large displaying a thumbnail of the Start screen. Gita Updesh Hindi Download. Swiping from the left edge of a touchscreen or clicking in the top-left corner of the screen allows one to switch between apps and Desktop. Pointing the cursor in the top-left corner of the screen and moving down reveals a thumbnail list of active apps. Aside from the removal of the Start button and the replacement of the theme with a flatter and solid-colored design, the desktop interface on Windows 8 is similar to that of. Removed features [ ]. Main article: Several notable features have been removed in Windows 8; support for playing was removed from due to the cost of licensing the necessary decoders (especially for devices which do not include at all) and the prevalence of online streaming services.

For the same reasons, is not included by default on Windows 8, but Windows Media Center and DVD playback support can be purchased in the 'Pro Pack' (which upgrades the system to Windows 8 Pro) or 'Media Center Pack' add-on for Windows 8 Pro. As with prior versions, third-party software can still be used to enable DVD playback., the of Windows, is.

It still ships with Windows 8 and continues to work on preset schedules, but is pushed to the background and can only be accessed through a Control Panel applet called 'Windows 7 File Recovery'.: 76, a component of that once saved previous versions of changed files, no longer protects local files and folders. It can only access previous versions of shared files stored on a computer.: 74 The subsystem on which these components worked, however, is still available for other software to use.: 74 Hardware requirements [ ] PCs [ ] The minimum system requirements for Windows 8 are slightly higher than. The must support the (PAE),, and. Windows Store apps require a screen resolution of 1024×768 or higher to run; a resolution of 1366×768 or higher is required to use the snap functionality. To receive certification, Microsoft requires candidate x86 systems to resume from standby in 2 seconds or less.

Minimum hardware requirements for Windows 8 Component Minimum Recommended 1 or architecture Support for, and architecture (SLAT) support for IA-32 edition: 1 x64 edition: 2 4 graphics device 1.0 or higher driver graphics device N/A 1024×768 Input device and Hard disk space IA-32 edition: 16 x64 edition: 20 N/A Other N/A v2.3.1 Errata B with Microsoft Windows Certification Authority in its database (TPM) Internet connectivity Microsoft's specification, which hardware vendors may optionally comply with, sets new power consumption requirements that extend above the above minimum specifications. Included in this standard are a number of security-specific requirements designed to improve, notably against. 32-bit of Windows 8 only support a maximum of 4 GB of RAM. 64-bit SKUs, however support more: Windows 8 x64 supports 128 GB while Windows 8 Pro and Enterprise x64 support 512 GB. On March 18, 2016, in response to criticism from enterprise customers, Microsoft delayed the end of support and non-critical updates for Skylake systems to July 17, 2018, but stated that they would also continue to receive security updates through the end of extended support. On August 2016, Microsoft again extended the Skylake support policy to the date of the end of extended support for Windows 7 (January 2020).

In January 2016, Microsoft announced that it would no longer support Windows 8.1 or 7 on devices using Intel's CPU family effective July 17, 2018, and that all future CPU microarchitectures, as well as Skylake systems after this date, would only be supported on. After the deadline, only critical security updates were to be released for users on these platforms. After this new policy faced criticism from users and enterprise customers, Microsoft partially retracted the change and stated that both operating systems would remain supported on Skylake hardware through the end of their Extended support lifecycle. Windows 8.1 remains officially unsupported on all newer CPU families, and neither AMD or Intel will provide official chipset for Windows operating systems other than Windows 10. Tablets and convertibles [ ] Microsoft released minimum hardware requirements for tablet and devices to be 'certified' for Windows 8, and defined a convertible form factor as a standalone device that combines the PC, display and rechargeable power source with a mechanically attached keyboard and pointing device in a single chassis. A convertible can be transformed into a tablet where the attached input devices are hidden or removed leaving the display as the only input mechanism. On March 12, 2013, Microsoft amended its certification requirements to only require that screens on tablets have a minimum resolution of 1024×768 (down from the previous 1366×768).

The amended requirement is intended to allow 'greater design flexibility' for future products. Hardware certification requirements for Windows tablets DirectX 10 graphics device with WDDM 1.2 or higher driver 10 GB free space, after the out-of-box experience completes Standard buttons Power, Rotation lock, Windows key, Volume up, Volume down supporting a minimum of 5-point digitizers and resolution of at least 1024×768. The physical dimensions of the display panel must match the aspect ratio of the native resolution. The native resolution of the panel can be greater than 1024 (horizontally) and 768 (vertically). Minimum native color depth is 32-bits.

If the display is under 1366×768, disclaimers must be included in documentation to notify users that the Snap function is not available. Camera Minimum 3 axes with data rates at or above 50 Hz At least one controller and exposed port. Connect and Other,, and. If a mobile broadband device is integrated into a tablet or convertible system, then an radio is required. Devices supporting need to have visual marks to help users locate and use the proximity technology. The new button combination for Ctrl + Alt + Del is Windows Key + Power.

Updated certification requirements were implemented to coincide with Windows 8.1. As of 2014, all certified devices with integrated displays must contain a 720p webcam and higher quality speakers and microphones, while all certified devices that support Wi-Fi must support Bluetooth as well. As of 2015, all certified devices must contain chips. Editions [ ]. Main article: Windows 8 is available in three different editions, of which the lowest version, branded simply as Windows 8, and Windows 8 Pro, were sold at retail in most countries, and as pre-loaded software on new computers.

Each edition of Windows 8 includes all of the capabilities and features of the edition below it, and add additional features oriented towards their market segments. For example, Pro added,, the ability to join a, and the ability to install as a paid add-on. Users of Windows 8 can purchase a 'Pro Pack' license that upgrades their system to Windows 8 Pro through. This license also includes Windows Media Center. Windows 8 Enterprise contains additional features aimed towards business environments, and is only available through. A port of Windows 8 for,, is marketed as an edition of Windows 8, but was only included as pre-loaded software on devices specifically developed for it.

Windows 8 was distributed as a retail box product on, and through a that could be converted into DVD or install media. As part of a launch promotion, Microsoft offered Windows 8 Pro upgrades at a discounted price of US$39.99 online, or $69.99 for retail box from its launch until January 31, 2013; afterward the Windows 8 price has been $119.99 and the Pro price $199.99. Those who purchased new PCs pre-loaded with Windows 7 Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, or Ultimate between June 2, 2012 and January 31, 2013 could digitally purchase a Windows 8 Pro upgrade for US$14.99.

Several PC manufacturers offered and refunds on Windows 8 upgrades obtained through the promotion on select models, such as (in the U.S. And Canada on select models), and (in Europe on selected models). During these promotions, the Windows Media Center add-on for Windows 8 Pro was also offered for free.

Unlike previous versions of Windows, Windows 8 was distributed at retail in 'Upgrade' licenses only, which require an existing version of Windows to install. The 'full version software' SKU, which was more expensive but could be installed on computers without an eligible OS or none at all, was discontinued. In lieu of full version, a specialized 'System Builder' SKU was introduced. The 'System Builder' SKU replaced the (OEM) SKU, which was only allowed to be used on PCs meant for resale, but added a 'Personal Use License' exemption that officially allowed its purchase and personal use by users on. Retail distribution of Windows 8 has since been discontinued in favor of.

Unlike 8, 8.1 is available as 'full version software' at both retail and online for download that does not require a previous version of Windows in order to be installed. Pricing for these new copies remain identical. With the retail release returning to full version software for Windows 8.1, the 'Personal Use License' exemption was removed from the OEM SKU, meaning that end users building their own PCs for personal use must use the full retail version in order to satisfy the Windows 8.1 licensing requirements. Windows 8.1 with Bing is a special OEM-specific SKU of Windows 8.1 subsidized by Microsoft's search engine. Software compatibility [ ] The three desktop editions of Windows 8 support 32-bit and 64-bit architectures; retail copies of Windows 8 include install DVDs for both architectures, while the online installer automatically installs the version corresponding with the architecture of the system's existing Windows installation. The 32-bit version runs on CPUs compatible with architecture (known as ) or newer, and can run and, although 16-bit support must be enabled first. (16-bit applications are developed for CPUs compatible with.

Microsoft started moving away from this architecture after. ) The 64-bit version runs on CPUs compatible with x86 (known as, or x64) or newer, and can run 32-bit and programs.

32-bit programs and operating system are restricted to supporting only 4 of memory while 64-bit systems can theoretically support 2048 gigabytes of memory. 64-bit operating systems require a different set of device drivers than those of 32-bit operating systems. Windows RT, the only edition of Windows 8 for systems with processors, only supports applications included with the system (such as a special version of ), supplied through Windows Update, or Windows Store apps, to ensure that the system only runs applications that are optimized for the architecture. Windows RT does not support running IA-32 or x64 applications. Windows Store apps can either support both the x86 and ARM architectures, or compiled to support a specific architecture. Reception [ ]. Windows 8 in a Microsoft Store Pre-release [ ] Following the unveiling of Windows 8, Microsoft faced criticism (particularly from supporters) for mandating that devices receiving its optional certification for Windows 8 have secure boot enabled by default using a key provided by Microsoft.

Concerns were raised that secure boot could the use of alternate operating systems such as. In a post discussing secure boot on the Building Windows 8 blog, Microsoft developer Tony Mangefeste indicated that vendors would provide means to customize secure boot, stating that 'At the end of the day, the customer is in control of their PC. Microsoft's philosophy is to provide customers with the best experience first, and allow them to make decisions themselves.' Microsoft's certification guidelines for Windows 8 ultimately revealed that vendors would be required to provide means for users to re-configure or disable secure boot in their device's UEFI firmware. It also revealed that devices (Windows RT) would be required to have secure boot permanently enabled, with no way for users to disable it.

However, Tom Warren of The Verge noted that other vendors have implemented similar hardware restrictions on their own ARM-based tablet and smartphone products (including those running Microsoft's own platform), but still argued that Microsoft should 'keep a consistent approach across ARM and x86, though, not least because of the number of users who'd love to run Android alongside Windows 8 on their future tablets.' No mandate is made regarding the installation of third-party certificates that would enable running alternative programs. Several notable video game developers criticized Microsoft for making its Windows Store a subject to its own regulations, as it conflicted with their view of the as an. (creator of the ), (co-founder of and developer of software distribution platform ), and from voiced concern about the closed nature of the Windows Store. However, Tom Warren of The Verge stated that Microsoft's addition of the Store was simply responding to the success of both Apple and Google in pursuing the 'curated application store approach.'

Critical reception [ ] Reviews of the various editions of Windows 8 have been mixed. Tom Warren of said that although Windows 8's emphasis on touch computing was significant and risked alienating desktop users, he felt that Windows 8 tablets '[make] an feel immediately out of date' due to the capabilities of the operating system's hybrid model and increased focus on cloud services. David Pierce of The Verge described Windows 8 as 'the first desktop operating system that understands what a computer is supposed to do in 2012' and praised Microsoft's 'no compromise' approach and the operating system's emphasis on Internet connectivity and cloud services. Pierce also considered the Start Screen to be a 'brilliant innovation for desktop computers' when compared with 'folder-littered desktops on every other OS' because it allows users to interact with dynamic information. In contrast, an article said it was Microsoft 'flailing' and a review in condemned the Metro-style user interface. Some of the included apps in Windows 8 were considered to be basic and lacking in functionality, but the Xbox apps were praised for their promotion of a multi-platform entertainment experience.

Other improvements and features (such as File History, Storage Spaces, and the updated Task Manager) were also regarded as positive changes. Peter Bright of wrote that while its user interface changes may overshadow them, Windows 8's improved performance, updated file manager, new storage functionality, expanded security features, and updated Task Manager were still positive improvements for the operating system. Bright also said that Windows 8's duality towards tablets and traditional PCs was an 'extremely ambitious' aspect of the platform as well, but criticized Microsoft for emulating 's model of a closed distribution platform when implementing the Windows Store.

The interface of Windows 8 has been the subject of mixed reaction. Bright wrote that its system of hot corners and edge swiping 'wasn't very obvious' due to the lack of instructions provided by the operating system on the functions accessed through the user interface, even by the video tutorial added on the release (which only instructed users to point at corners of the screen or swipe from its sides). Despite this ', Bright said that Windows 8's interface worked well in some places, but began to feel incoherent when switching between the 'Metro' and desktop environments, sometimes through inconsistent means. Tom Warren of The Verge wrote that the new interface was 'as stunning as it is surprising', contributing to an 'incredibly personal' experience once it is customized by the user, but had a steep learning curve, and was awkward to use with a keyboard and mouse.

He noted that while forcing all users to use the new touch-oriented interface was a risky move for Microsoft as a whole, it was necessary in order to push development of apps for the Windows Store. Others, such as Adrian Kingsley-Hughes from, considered the interface to be 'clumsy and impractical' due to its inconsistent design (going as far as considering it 'two operating systems unceremoniously bolted together'), and concluded that 'Windows 8 wasn't born out of a need or demand; it was born out of a desire on Microsoft's part to exert its will on the PC industry and decide to shape it in a direction—touch and tablets – that allows it to compete against, and remain relevant in the face of Apple's iPad.' In 2013, Frank X.

Shaw, a Microsoft corporate vice president, said that while many of the negative reviews were extreme, it was a 'good thing' that Microsoft was 'listening to feedback and improving a product'. The (ACSI) reported a decline in Microsoft's customer satisfaction, the lowest it has been since. Market share and sales [ ] Microsoft says that 4 million users upgraded to Windows 8 over the weekend after its release, which CNET says was well below Microsoft's internal projections and was described inside the company as disappointing. On November 27, 2012, Microsoft announced that it has sold 40 million licenses of Windows 8 in the first month, surpassing the pace of Windows 7. However, according to research firm NPD, sales of devices running Windows in the United States have declined 21 percent compared to the same time period in 2011. As the holiday shopping season wrapped up, Windows 8 sales continued to lag, even as Apple reported brisk sales. The market research firm reported an overall drop in PC sales for the quarter, and said the drop may have been partly due to consumer reluctance to embrace the new features of the OS and poor support from OEM for these features.

This capped the first year of declining PC sales to the Asia Pacific region, as consumers bought more mobile devices than Windows PCs. Windows 8 surpassed in market share with a 5.1% usage rate according to numbers posted in July 2013 by, with usage on a steady upward trajectory. However, intake of Windows 8 still lags behind that of and at the same point in their release cycles.

Windows 8's tablet market share has also been growing steadily, with 7.4% of tablets running Windows in Q1 2013 according to Strategy Analytics, up from nothing just a year before. However, this is still well below and, which posted 43.4% and 48.2% market share respectively, although both operating systems have been on the market much longer than Windows 8. Strategy Analytics also noted 'a shortage of top tier apps' for Windows tablets despite Microsoft strategy of paying developers to create apps for the operating system (in addition to for Windows Phone).

In March 2013, Microsoft also amended its certification requirements to allow tablets to use the 1024×768 resolution as a minimum; this change is expected to allow the production of certified Windows 8 tablets in smaller form factors—a market which is currently dominated by Android-based tablets. Despite the reaction of industry experts, Microsoft reported that they had sold 100 million licenses in the first six months. This matched sales of Windows 7 over a similar period. This statistic includes shipments to channel warehouses which now need to be sold in order to make way for new shipments. In January 2014, began a promotion for desktops running Windows 7, saying that it was 'back by popular demand'. Outside sources have suggested that this might be because HP or its customers thought the Windows 8 platform would be more appropriate for mobile computing than desktop computing, or that they were looking to attract customers forced to switch from XP who wanted a more familiar interface. In February 2014, reported that Microsoft would be lowering the price of Windows 8 licenses by 70% for devices that retail under US$250; alongside the announcement that an update to the operating system would allow OEMs to produce devices with as little as 1 GB of RAM and 16 GB of storage, critics felt that these changes would help Windows compete against Linux-based devices in the low-end market, particularly those running.

Microsoft had similarly cut the price of licenses to compete against the early waves of Linux-based. Reports also indicated that Microsoft was planning to offer cheaper Windows 8 licenses to OEMs in exchange for setting Internet Explorer's default search engine to. Some media outlets falsely reported that the SKU associated with this plan, 'Windows 8.1 with Bing', was a variant which would be a free or low-cost version of Windows 8 for consumers using older versions of Windows.

On April 2, 2014, Microsoft ultimately announced that it would be removing license fees entirely for devices with screens smaller than 9 inches, and officially confirmed the rumored 'Windows 8.1 with Bing' OEM SKU on May 23, 2014. On the information gathered by Net Applications, adoption rate in March 2015 for Windows 8.1 was at 10.55%, while the original Windows 8 was at 3.52%. Chinese government ban [ ] In May 2014, the banned the internal purchase of Windows 8-based products under government contracts requiring 'energy-efficient' devices. The claimed that Windows 8 was being banned in protest of Microsoft's support lifecycle policy and the end of support for (which, as of January 2014, had a market share of 49% in China), as the government 'obviously cannot ignore the risks of running an OS without guaranteed technical support.' However, Ni Guangnan of the had also previously warned that Windows 8 could allegedly expose users to due to its heavy use of Internet-based services. In June 2014, (CCTV) broadcast a news story further characterizing Windows 8 as a threat to national security.

The story featured an interview with Ni Guangnan, who stated that operating systems could aggregate 'sensitive user information' that could be used to 'understand the conditions and activities of our national economy and society', and alleged that per, the U.S. Government had worked with Microsoft to retrieve encrypted information. Yang Min, a computer scientist at, also stated that 'the security features of Windows 8 are basically to the benefit of Microsoft, allowing them control of the users' data, and that poses a big challenge to the national strategy for information security.'

Microsoft denied the claims in a number of posts on the Chinese social network, which stated that the company had never 'assisted any government in an attack of another government or clients' or provided client data to the U.S. Government, never 'provided any government the authority to directly visit' or placed any in its products and services, and that it had never concealed government requests for client data. Windows 8.1 [ ]. Main article: A feature update to Windows 8 known as was officially announced by Microsoft on May 14, 2013.

Following a presentation devoted to it at, a public beta version of the upgrade was released on June 26, 2013. Windows 8.1 was released to on August 27, 2013, and released publicly as a free download through Windows Store on October 17, 2013.

Volume license customers and subscribers to and were initially unable to obtain the RTM version upon its release; a spokesperson said the policy was changed to allow Microsoft to work with OEMs 'to ensure a quality experience at general availability.' However, after criticism, Microsoft reversed its decision and released the RTM build on MSDN and TechNet on September 9, 2013. Windows 8.1 addressed a number of criticisms faced by Windows 8 upon its release, with additional customization options for the Start screen, the restoration of a visible Start button on the desktop, the ability to snap up to four apps on a single display, and the ability to boot to the desktop instead of the Start screen. Windows 8's stock apps were also updated, a new -based unified search system was added, was given deeper integration with the operating system, and a number of new stock apps, along with a tutorial, were added. Windows 8.1 also added support for, media streaming, printing, and. Microsoft markets Windows 8.1 as an 'update' rather than as a ' or 'upgrade'.

However, Microsoft's support lifecycle policy treats Windows 8.1 similarly to previous Windows service packs: it is part of Windows 8's support lifecycle, and upgrading to 8.1 has been required to maintain access to mainstream support and updates after January 12, 2016. Although Windows 8 RTM is unsupported, Microsoft released an emergency security patch in May 2017 for Windows 8 RTM, as well as other unsupported versions of Windows (including and ), to address a vulnerability that was being leveraged by the. Retail and OEM installations of Windows 8, Windows 8 Pro, and can be upgraded through free of charge. However, customers, TechNet or MSDN subscribers and users of Windows 8 Enterprise must acquire a standalone installation media for 8.1 and install through the traditional Windows setup process, either as an in-place upgrade or clean install. This requires an 8.1-specific product key. See also [ ].