Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • History [ ] In the, before printing, a ( ¯ ) over the was used to separate the integral part of a number from its, e.g. 9 995 (meaning, 99.95 in decimal point format). This practice derived from the decimal system used in and was popularized by the mathematician, when translation of on the introduced the to the Western world. His presented the first systematic solution of and in Arabic. A similar notation remains in common use as an underbar to superscript digits, especially for monetary values without a decimal mark, e.g.

Later, a 'separatrix' (a short, roughly vertical ink stroke) between the units and tenths position became the norm among, e.g. When this character was, it was convenient to use the existing (99,95) or (99.95) instead. The separatrix was also used in England as an L-shaped or ( ) before the popularization of the period and mid dot decimal points. Marked triples of columns with an arc (called a 'Pythagorean arc') when using his Hindu–Arabic numeral-based abacus in the 10th century. Followed this convention when writing numbers such as in his influential work in the 13th century. In, the full stop was already in use in printing to make more readable, so the comma was chosen.

Many other countries, such as Italy, also chose to use the comma to mark the decimal units position. It has been by the for international blueprints. However, English-speaking countries took the comma to separate sequences of three digits. In some countries, a raised dot or dash ( upper comma) may be used for grouping or decimal mark; this is particularly common in handwriting. In the, the full stop or period (.) was used as the standard decimal mark. Decimal separator in a British print from 1839 In the nations of the, although the full stop could be used in typewritten material and its use was not banned, the (also known as the decimal point, point, or mid dot) was preferred for the decimal mark in printing technologies that could accommodate it, e.g.

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However, as the mid dot was already in common use in the mathematics world to indicate multiplication, the rejected its use as the decimal mark. During the beginning of British in the late 1960s and with impending currency, there was some debate in the United Kingdom as to whether the decimal comma or decimal point should be preferred: the and some sectors of industry advocated the comma and the advocated for the point. In the event, the point was chosen by the in 1968. When, it adopted the comma as its decimal mark, although a number of house styles, including some English-language newspapers such as The Sunday Times, continue to use the full stop.

[ ] The three most spoken,,, and, all use the comma as the decimal mark. Interlingua has used the comma as its decimal mark since the publication of the in 1951. Esperanto also uses the comma as its official decimal mark, while thousands are separated by: 12 345 678,9. Ido's Kompleta Gramatiko Detaloza di la Linguo Internaciona Ido (Complete Detailed Grammar of the International Language Ido) officially states that commas are used for the decimal mark while full stops are used to separate thousands, millions, etc. So the number 12,345,678.90123 (in American notation) for instance, would be written 12.345.678,90123 in Ido. The 1931 grammar of by uses the comma as its decimal mark, and (somewhat unusually) uses the middle dot as the thousands separator (12345678,90123).

In 1958, disputes between European and American delegates over the correct representation of the decimal mark nearly stalled the development of the computer programming language. ALGOL ended up allowing different decimal marks, but most computer languages and standard data formats (e.g.,,, ) specify a dot. Current standards [ ] The 22nd declared in 2003 that 'the symbol for the decimal marker shall be either the point on the line or the comma on the line'. It further reaffirmed that 'numbers may be divided in groups of three in order to facilitate reading; neither dots nor commas are ever inserted in the spaces between groups' (e.g. 000000000♠1 000 000 000). This usage has therefore been recommended by technical organizations, such as the United States'.

Digit grouping [ ] For ease of reading, numbers with many digits may be divided into groups using a. In some countries, these 'digit group separators' are only employed to the left of the decimal mark; in others, they are also used to separate numbers with a long.

An important reason for grouping is that it allows rapid judgement of the number of digits, via (telling at a glance) rather than counting – contrast 000000000♠100 000 000 with 100000000 for one hundred million. Since 2003, the use of spaces as separators (for example: 000000000♠20 000 and 000000000♠1 000 000 for 'twenty thousand' and 'one million') has been officially endorsed by, as well as by the and the (IUPAC), the 's widely followed, and the, among others. The groups created by the delimiters tend to follow the use of the local language, which varies. In European languages, large numbers are read in groups of thousands and the delimiter (which occurs every three digits when it is used) may be called a 'thousands separator'. In, particularly,, and, large numbers are read in groups of (10,000s) but the delimiter commonly separates every three digits.

[ ] The is somewhat more complex: it groups the rightmost three digits in a similar manner to European languages but then groups every two digits thereafter: 1.5 million would accordingly be written 15,00,000 and read as '15 '. [ ] The convention for digit group separators historically varied among countries, but usually seeking to distinguish the delimiter from the decimal mark. Traditionally, employed commas as the delimiter – 10,000 – and other European countries employed periods or spaces: 10.000 or 000000000♠10 000. Because of the confusion that could result in international documents, in recent years the use of spaces as separators has been advocated by the superseded, as well as by the and the, which have also begun advocating the use of a ' in 'groups of three'. Within the United States, the 's widely followed also calls for a thin space. In some online environments (for example, -only) a thin space is not practical or available, in which case a regular word space or no delimiter are the alternatives.

In 2014, the [ – ] also proposed the system of using a space for separation in the United Kingdom and, while it is not universally adopted, it is standard within the country's construction industry. [ ] Data versus mask [ ] Digit group separators can occur either as part of the data or as a mask through which the data is displayed.

P?rlanta Serisi Epub Download. This is an example of the. In many computing contexts, it is preferred to omit digit group separators from the data and instead overlay them as a mask (an or an output mask). Common examples include spreadsheets and databases in which currency values are entered without such marks but are displayed with them inserted. Similarly, phone numbers can have hyphens or spaces as a mask rather than as data.

As It Is With Strangers By Susan Beth Pfeffer Pdf Creator. In some, it is possible to group the digits in the program's to make it easier to read; see.,,,,, (from version 3.6) and use the character for this purpose. All these languages allow seven hundred million to be entered as 700_000_000.

Fixed-form ignores (in all contexts), so 700 000 000 is permissible. Allows the use of an for digit grouping, so 700'000'000 is permissible. Exceptions to digit grouping [ ] The states that 'when there are only four digits before or after the decimal marker, it is customary not to use a space to isolate a single digit'. Likewise, some state that thousands separators should not be used in normal text for numbers from 1000 to 9999 inclusive where no decimal fractional part is shown (in other words, for four-digit whole numbers), whereas others use thousands separators, and others use both. For example, stipulates a thousands separator for 'most figures of 1,000 or more' except for page numbers, binary digits, temperatures, etc. There are always common-sense exceptions to digit grouping, such as years, and ID numbers of predefined nongrouped format, which style guides usually point out. In non-base-10 numbering systems [ ] In binary (base-2), a full space can be used between groups of four digits, corresponding to a, or equivalently to a digit.

For integer numbers, dots are used as well to separate groups of four bits. Alternatively, binary digits may be grouped by threes, corresponding to an digit.

Similarly, in hexadecimal (base-16), full spaces are usually used to group digits into twos, making each group correspond to a. Additionally, groups of eight bytes are often separated by a hyphen. Influence of calculators and computers [ ] In countries with a decimal comma, the decimal point is also common as the 'international' notation because of the influence of devices, such as, which use the decimal point. Most computer allow selection of the decimal mark and programs that have been carefully will follow this, but some programs ignore it and a few may even fail to operate if the setting has been changed. Hindu–Arabic numeral system [ ]. Unicode characters [ ] Used with (): • U+0020 SPACE (HTML ) • U+0027 ' APOSTROPHE (HTML ' ') • U+002C, COMMA (HTML,) • U+002E. FULL STOP (HTML.) • U+00B7 MIDDLE DOT (HTML ) • U+2009 thin space (HTML ) • U+202F (HTML ) • U+02D9 ˙ DOT ABOVE (HTML ˙) Used with (): • U+066B ٫ ARABIC DECIMAL SEPARATOR (HTML ٫) • U+066C ٬ ARABIC THOUSANDS SEPARATOR (HTML ٬) Used with keyboards: • U+2396 ⎖ DECIMAL SEPARATOR KEY SYMBOL (HTML ⎖) (resembles an apostrophe) See also [ ] • • • • • • References [ ].

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